Research and Case Studies

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  Operation Anaconda: Lessons for Joint Operations

  Richard L. Kugler, Michael Baranick, and Hans Binnendijk

  This study is not an official history of Anaconda but an analysis of lessons that can be learned from that battle and applied to future joint operations. This study’s intent is not to criticize, but instead to offer observations for joint operations, multinational operations, and expeditionary warfare in austere settings.

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  The Active Denial System: A Revolutionary, Non-lethal Weapon for Today’s Battlefield

  Susan LeVine

  This paper explains and describes the advantages to ADS (Active Denial Systems) and how they can provide troops a capability they currently do not have, the ability to reach out and engage potential adversaries at distances well beyond small arms range, and in a safe, effective, and non-lethal manner.

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  Pandemic Flu Planning in Africa: Thoughts from a Nigerian Case Study

  Cheryl Loeb, Lynn McGrath, and Sudhir Devalia

  This paper discusses the Avian Influenza/Pandemic Influenza Policy Planning workshop held in Nigeria in June 2007, the objective of which was assisting selected Nigerian officials in evaluating their nation’s pandemic response plan.

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  Strengthening Technical Peer Review at the Army S&T Laboratories

  John W. Lyons and Richard Chait

  The paper recommends that the Army require peer review of the technical quality of its laboratories and proposes a set of norms that must be met. The principal recommendation is that reviews be performed by independent experts who visit the laboratory for two or more days, looking at the technical projects and the strength of the technical staff, equipment, and facilities.

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  Forecasting Science and Technology for the Department of Defense

  John W. Lyons, Richard Chait, and James J. Valdes

  This paper discusses recent trends in S&T, particularly how various disciplines have converged to produce new capabilities, and considers how a new series of studies might be conducted taking into account such convergences.

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  Improving the Interface between Industry and Army Science and Technology: Some Thoughts on the Army’s Independent Research and Development Program

  John W. Lyons, Richard Chait, and Jordan Wilcox

  This paper presents the various ways that the Army laboratories link their work with external laboratories and looks for ways to improve these interfaces, with special emphasis on the IR&D (Independent Research & Development) program.

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  Defending the Military Food Supply: Acquisition, Preparation, and Protection of Food at U.S. Military Installations

  Andrew S. Mara and Lynn McGrath

  This paper examines current measures in place to defend the military food supply and provides a series of recommendations that will enhance food defense and provide ancillary benefits to the military.

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  President Nixon’s Decision to Renounce the U.S. Offensive Biological Weapons Program

  Jonathan B. Tucker and Erin R. Mahan

  The nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union was a prominent feature of the Cold War. A lesser known but equally dangerous element of the superpower competition involved biological weapons (BW), living microorganisms that cause fatal or incapacitating diseases in humans, animals, or plants. By the late 1960s, the United States and the Soviet Union had both acquired advanced BW capabilities. The U.S. biological weapons complex, operated by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps, consisted of a research and development laboratory at Fort Detrick in Maryland, an open-air testing site at Dugway Proving Ground in Utah, and a production facility at Pine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas that manufactured biological warfare agents and loaded them into bomblets, bombs, and spray tanks.

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  Directed Energy Weapons – Are We There Yet?

  Elihu Zimet and Christopher Mann

  The purpose of this paper is to examine the barriers to deployment of directed energy weapons and suggest a strategy for an initial deployment that addresses these issues. This strategy will focus on current high-priority threats against which DEW would provide the best alternative for the military.

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  Computer Science Research Funding: How much is too little?

  Elihu Zimet, Stuart Starr, Clifford Lau, and Anup Ghosh

  This papers summarizes and analyzes the findings of a study of the historical and planned level of Department of Defense (DOD) funding in computer science (CS) research from the 2001–2011 DOD records, and formulates key findings and recommendations.

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  Reform of the National Security Science and Technology Enterprise

  William Berry, Timothy Coffey, Don J. DeYoung, James Kadtke, and Cheryl Loeb

  This paper addresses three major topics requiring new thinking in the National Security Science and Technology Enterprise. The first topic is how overarching priorities can be better determined and implemented to direct the vast national security enterprise toward conducting S&T that will address both traditional and new national security challenges. The second deals with the integration of the Congressional committees that oversee and fund S&T. And the third focuses on the competence, role, and impact of the Government’s national security S&E workforce.

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  China’s Science and Technology Emergence: A Proposal for U.S. DOD-China Collaboration in Fundamental Research

  William Berry and Cheryl Loeb

  This report proposes the establishment of a constructive, phased strategy for engaging in collaborative fundamental research with Chinese academic institutions. Recent evaluations of top S&T universities and their specific capabilities suggest appropriate scientific areas where beneficial collaborations between DoD and China should be fostered.

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  Winning the Invisible War: An Agricultural Pilot Plan for Afghanistan

  Edward Borcherdt, Austin Carson, Frank Kennefick, James Moseley, William Taylor, Harlan Ullman, and Larry Wentz

  The purpose of this paper is to propose efforts to integrate a comprehensive campaign plan that brings together security and reconstruction efforts and the plethora of governmental and nongovernmental organizations working in Afghanistan.

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  Building the S and E Workforce for 2040: Challenges Facing the Department of Defense

  Timothy Coffey

  This paper examines some of the trends that have led to the government’s inability to maintain adequate technical competence and/or is not making proper use of the competence that it has maintained. It focuses on the government component of the model and it is expected that many of the same considerations will apply to the quasi-government component, also.

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  Toward a New Transatlantic Compact

  Richard L. Kugler and Hans Binnendijk

  This paper calls for a new NATO strategic concept and a new transatlantic compact, and envisions crafting them in tandem.

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  Army Research and Development Collaboration and The Role of Globalization in Research

  John W. Lyons

  This paper considers a number of approaches to international collaboration in military research, discussing the challenges inherent in collaboration and considering recommendations for the future.

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  An Assessment of the Science and Technology Predictions in the Army’s STAR21 Report

  John W. Lyons, Richard Chait, and Jordan Wilcox

  This paper reviews the technology forecast assessments of the Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century (STAR21) study conducted for the Army by the National Research Council in the early 1990s.

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  Good Bugs, Bad Bugs: A Modern Approach for Detecting Offensive Biological Weapons Research

  Michael Moodie, Cheryl Loeb, Robert E. Armstrong, and Helen Purkitt

  This report outlines a new framework to monitor countries in terms of their potential to engage in covert biological weapons research. This is an effort to develop an indirect approach to measuring a nation’s capability to conduct offensive weapons research in both civilian and government or military settings.

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  Programming Development Funds to Support a Counterinsurgency: Nangarhar, Afghanistan

  Michelle Parker

  This paper describes one method of programming development funds at a sub-national level to positively affect a counterinsurgency, in this case, in Eastern Afghanistan. It explores how one interagency group, the Jalalabad Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), developed and implemented a strategy for increasing stability in its area of operations by maximizing the resources each agency brought to the table and creating “unity of effort.”

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  A Methodology for Assessing the Military Benefits of Science and Technology Investments

  Albert Sciarretta, Richard Chait, Joseph N. Mait, and Jordan Willcox

  This paper discusses approaches developed at CTNSP, at the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, for measuring the benefits of today’s science and technology (S&T) investments on the future military.

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  Homegrown Terrorism: The Threat Within

  Kimberley L. Thachuk, Marion E. “Spike” Bowman, and Courtney Richardson

  This paper attempts to illustrate how difficult, if not impossible, it is to find root causes of domestic terrorism that are of general applicability. It is likely to be more important to focus on the unique cultural stamp of the individual nation to assess the reason for violence-prone disquietude among its citizens and residents.

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  Breakthrough Air Force Capabilities Spawned by Basic Research

  William Berry and Cheryl Loeb

  This paper will focus on scientific discoveries that have already lead to new capabilities for the Air Force, as well as those discoveries that will lead to the new capabilities envisioned in the 2004 Flight plan and 2006 Posture Statement and those yet to be envisioned.

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  A Further Look at Technologies and Capabilities for Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations

  Richard Chait, Albert Sciarretta, John W. Lyons, Charles L. Barry, Dennis Shorts, and Duncan Long

  This present study resumes where the first study left off, expanding on identifying capability needs and possible technology solutions to the S&R problems facing the force today and in the future.

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  Deploying Nuclear Detection Systems: A Proposed Strategy for Combating Nuclear Terrorism

  James Goodby, Timothy Coffey, and Cheryl Loeb

  This report provides an overview of the threat from nuclear terrorism; discusses the role of intelligence and risk assessments in countering this threat; provides a brief overview of nuclear detection technologies and issues; briefly summarizes key U.S. Government programs involved in nuclear detection; summarizes domestic legislation; and discusses the need for a global approach to nuclear nonproliferation.

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  Implications of an Independent Kosovo for Russia’s Near Abroad

  Zoe Hunter, Samuel T. Schwabe, Melissa Sinclair, Michael H. Hoffman, Michael Baranick, and Daniel L. Burghart

  This paper evaluates the argument that Kosovo’s situation represents a precedent for separatists elsewhere by comparing it to the four regions in the Former Soviet Union most often cited in relation to it and is intended to highlight the similarities and differences between these cases, to facilitate negotiations on the resolution of the final status of Kosovo.