The Joint Functions: Theory, Doctrine, and Practice

Authors

• Matthew J. Tackett, U.S. Naval War College

Abstract

This article analyzes the joint functions as a framework for organizing, planning, and conducting joint operations and argues that commanders should understand them through the combined lenses of military theory, doctrine, and practice. The author traces the development of the joint functions from earlier concepts of command, maneuver, fires, protection, intelligence, sustainment, and staff organization, emphasizing their role in providing a common language across the joint force. Drawing particularly on Milan Vego’s theory of operational functions, the article questions whether current doctrine adequately addresses the distinct requirements of operational-level warfare. It highlights command and control, information, movement and maneuver, and fires as areas where doctrinal formulations may blur important differences between tactical and operational responsibilities. The author gives particular attention to operational command organization, command-and-control warfare, deception, and operational fires, arguing that these concepts deserve greater consideration in joint doctrine and professional military education. The article concludes that the joint functions remain a valuable organizing construct, but they should not be treated as fixed or self-sufficient. Instead, commanders and staffs should continually assess doctrine against historical experience, military theory, and practical application to improve operational planning and execution in complex and contested environments.